Royal Astronomical Society press release
RAS PR 15/28 (NAM 6)
3 July 2015
A team of astronomers led from St Andrews and Manchester universities today (6 July) announced the discovery of a ring of rocks circling a very young star. This is the first time these 'pebbles', thought to be a crucial link in building planets, have been detected. Dr Jane Greaves of the University of St Andrews presented the work at the National Astronomy Meeting at Venue Cymru in Llandudno, Wales.
Planets are thought to form from the dust and gas that encircles young stars in a disk. Over time, dust particles stick together, until they build up bigger clumps. Eventually, these have enough mass that gravity becomes significant, and over millions of years the clumps crash together to make planets and moons. In our own Solar System, this process took place about 4500 million years ago, with the giant planet Jupiter the first to form.
Since the 1990s, astronomers have found both disks of gas and dust, and nearly 2000 fully formed planets, but the intermediate stages of formation are harder to detect.
Dr Greaves and team colleague Dr Anita Richards from the University of Manchester used the e-MERLIN array of radio telescopes centred on Jodrell Bank, Cheshire, and that stretches across England in a so-called interferometer, mimicking the resolution of a single large telescope. Richards took charge of the image processing, which was initially meant just to test the handling of the very large data stream that e-MERLIN generates.
The scientists used the interferometer to observe the star DG Tauri, a relatively youthful star just 2.5 million years old and 450 light years away in the constellation of Taurus. Looking at radio wavelengths, they discovered a faint glow characteristic of rocks in orbit around the newly formed star.
Richards said: “This was the first time for this project that we folded in data from the 76m-diameter Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank, which is the heart of the e-MERLIN array. We knew DG Tauri had a jet of hot gas flowing off its poles – a beacon for stars still in the process of forming – so we had an idea of what to look for.”
‘It was a real surprise to also see a belt of pebbles, with only a fraction of the data we hope to acquire. With the four-fold increase in radio bandwidth we are now working on, we hope to get similar images for a whole zoo of other young stars.”
Dr Greaves added: “The extraordinarily fine detail we can see with the e-MERLIN telescopes was the key to this discovery. We could zoom into a region as small as the orbit of Jupiter would be in the Solar System. We found a belt of pebbles strung along a very similar orbit – just where they are needed if a planet is to grow in the next few million years. Although we thought this was how planets must get started, it's very exciting to actually see the process in action!”
The e-MERLIN observations were made at a wavelength of 4.6 cm (about a third of that used in microwave ovens). To give off these radio waves, rocky chunks at least a centimetre in size are needed, and the shape of the belt confirms the rocks as the source of the radio waves.
Team member Dr John Ilee, also of St Andrews, is working on a related European project to investigate protoplanetary discs around young stars (http://www.diana-project.com). He added: "Long wavelength data, such these fantastic e-MERLIN results, will be essential in constraining the next generation of computer models of discs around young stars. Having an accurate idea of the location and amount of the centimetre-sized material in the disc will bring us closer to a consistent picture of how planets may eventually form."
Greaves leads an international team known as PEBBLeS – the Planet Earth Building Blocks Legacy e-MERLIN Survey. By imaging the rocky belts of many stars, the team will look for clues to how often planets form, and where, around stars that will evolve into future suns like our own. The ultimate aim is to zoom in and see 'extrasolar Earths' being born, five times closer in to their host stars than Jupiter's orbit. Upgrades to e-MERLIN's capabilities in the next few years, as well as the construction of the new Square Kilometre Array (with its HQ at Jodrell Bank), make this a real possibility.
Images and captions
An e-MERLIN map of the star DG Tauri. The yellow and red areas show what is thought to be a ring of pebble-sized clumps in orbit around the star. Credit: J. Greaves / A. Richards / JCBA
An artist's impression of the belt of ‘pebbles’ in orbit around the star DG Tauri. The inset is a close up view of a section of the belt. Credit: J. Ilee. Adapted from original work by ESO/L. Calçada/M. Kornmesser, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/L. Calçada (ESO)
Media contacts
Dr Robert Massey
Royal Astronomical Society
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Dr Sam Lindsay
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Science contacts
Dr Jane Greaves
University of St Andrews
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Dr Anita Richards
University of Manchester
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Notes for editors
The Royal Astronomical Society National Astronomy Meeting (NAM 2015) will take place in Llandudno, Wales, from 5-9 July. NAM 2015 will be held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the UK Solar Physics (UKSP) and Magnetosphere Ionosphere Solar-Terrestrial physics (MIST) groups. The conference is principally sponsored by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). Follow the conference on Twitter
The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), founded in 1820, encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. The RAS organises scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognizes outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 3800 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others. Follow the RAS on Twitter
The Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) is keeping the UK at the forefront of international science and tackling some of the most significant challenges facing society such as meeting our future energy needs, monitoring and understanding climate change, and global security. The Council has a broad science portfolio and works with the academic and industrial communities to share its expertise in materials science, space and ground-based astronomy technologies, laser science, microelectronics, wafer scale manufacturing, particle and nuclear physics, alternative energy production, radio communications and radar. It enables UK researchers to access leading international science facilities for example in the area of astronomy, the European Southern Observatory. Follow STFC on Twitter
